Cold War Hardware: The 20mm M39 Revolver Autocannon
Don't let anyone tell you that a revolver is too slow. Besides blisteringly fast Single-Action shooters and the iconic Jerry Miculek, there's the M39 cannon.
We stumbled upon a great static training layout for the gun system of an F-101 Voodoo fighter at the Pima Air & Space Museum in Arizona while visiting the amazing facility. That gun? The M39 autocannon.
The system.
What could go wrong? (All photos unless noted: Chris Eger/Guns.com)
It had a single barrel with a five-chamber cylinder that revolved at the six o'clock position parallel to the bore. Think S&W J-Frame on steroids with rounds that were more the size of a Red Bull can rather than .38 Specials.
Note the revolving cylinder, about the size of a desk garbage can.
Gas-operated with a piston that ejected the spent casing from one of the cylinder's chambers while a spring-loaded rammer slid a new cartridge into an open chamber on each right-hand rotation, the gun was capable of firing 1,500 rounds per minute.
20mm shells were fed via a link-less hopper system from the magazine down to the loading drum behind the cylinder.
Then you have all of the assorted relays, solenoids, gun camera, sight, and spaghetti wiring to link it all together and make it work. Remember, this system first flew in combat in 1952, just five years after the transistor was invented, and back when a big screen TV had a 17-inch screen.
And it is all connected back to the stick in the cockpit. Flip the switch. Press the button. Briefly. Get out of the way of the debris.
Backstory
The M39 had its roots in an experimental German Mauser 20mm MG213C revolving cannon design following World War II. To the victors go the spoils, boys!. A captured gun (No. V6/10) was rebuilt by the U.S. Naval Gun Factory in 1946 and a second, third, and fourth rebuild, all with evolving modifications, became the experimental U.S. T74 cannon.
These images of the MG213 and T74 via Chinn.
Via The Machine Gun History, Evolution, and Development of Manual, Automatic, and Airborne Repeating Weapons by Lt. Col. George M. Chinn, USMC, Prepared for the Bureau of Ordnance, Department of the Navy, U.S. Government Printing Office, 1951, unclassified July 1970 (Public domain)
Via The Machine Gun History, Evolution, and Development of Manual, Automatic, and Airborne Repeating Weapons by Lt. Col. George M. Chinn, USMC, Prepared for the Bureau of Ordnance, Department of the Navy, U.S. Government Printing Office, 1951, unclassified July 1970 (Public domain)
Via The Machine Gun History, Evolution, and Development of Manual, Automatic, and Airborne Repeating Weapons by Lt. Col. George M. Chinn, USMC, Prepared for the Bureau of Ordnance, Department of the Navy, U.S. Government Printing Office, 1951, unclassified July 1970 (Public domain)
Via The Machine Gun History, Evolution, and Development of Manual, Automatic, and Airborne Repeating Weapons by Lt. Col. George M. Chinn, USMC, Prepared for the Bureau of Ordnance, Department of the Navy, U.S. Government Printing Office, 1951, unclassified July 1970 (Public domain)
Via The Machine Gun History, Evolution, and Development of Manual, Automatic, and Airborne Repeating Weapons by Lt. Col. George M. Chinn, USMC, Prepared for the Bureau of Ordnance, Department of the Navy, U.S. Government Printing Office, 1951, unclassified July 1970 (Public domain)
The American M39 first flew in combat during the latter part of the Korean War as the T160 gun system in the "GunVal" program, which saw four such guns installed in modified F-86F Sabres. The guns had 460 rounds of ammunition, enough for about 4.5 seconds of fire. Each gun weighed 162 pounds.
The system, as installed on a Gun Evaluation (GunVal) F-86F-2, in 1952:
(Graphic: August 1953 USAF Air Proving Ground Command report, declassified in 1979)
Vetted in combat, the guns were then first installed in production fighters starting in 1954 with the improved F-86H, which carried four M39s with 600 rounds of ammunition.
The circa 1955 F-86H Sabre at Pima. Note the two forward cannon slots by the air intake. Two more are on the other side of the fuselage, leaving the pilot sitting over four 20mm cannons and 600 rounds of ammo. This particular F-86 remained in the New Jersey Air National Guard until 1965, when it was sent to the boneyard.
Ultimately, more than 35,000 M39s would be produced, and it was the standard gun not only for the F-86H but also the F-100 Super Sabre, F-101A/C Voodoo, and F-5/E Freedom Fighter/Tiger fighters, as well as the B-57B bomber.
While made by several companies over the course of two decades, the primary vendor for production was Pontiac. Yes, the car company.
While replaced in U.S. service with the six-barreled M61 Vulcan Gatling Gun, which fires the same ammunition up to four times faster while offering more longevity (M39s had to have their single barrel replaced after just 4,000 rounds), the old cannon is still in use with a few remaining F-5E operators, such as Brazil, South Korea, and Thailand.
Plus, the Philippine Air Force has recycled M39s out of old F-5s for use as towed ground support weapons, which is just awesome.
Remember, at heart, it is just a big wheel gun! (Photos: Philippine Air Force).
Chris Eger
Chris Eger is an NRA-certified firearms instructor in multiple disciplines with a background in law enforcement and as a security contractor to the federal government. He has been writing badly since 2006 and has a number of poorly-received books in print.